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本题是转折关系题。该空格位于第五段段末。空格所在段给出了明确的线索词“the number ofpapers”以及“keywords”，浏览各选项可以明显发现B选项中几个关键词全部出现，同时B项表明社会科学研究论文的总量仍然很小，这与前文指出的“社会科学研究论文增长速度很快”构成对比，说明社会科学研究仍然有着很大的提升空间，符合本文论调。

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"Intelligence"at best is an assumptive construct-the word´ s meaning has never been clear.
56) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person who has high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and use verbal and mathe-matical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child´s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not sup-posed toit was not designed for such purposes.57 )To criticize it for such failure is roughly com-parable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
The other thing we should notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject is es-sentially a comparative affair.
58 ) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. It is here that some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least three fac-tors:the intention to do one´s best, the knowledge required for understanding what you must do,and the intellectual ability to do it.59) The first two must be equal for all who are being compared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in our culture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testing has been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis for prediction. Nobody is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we are interested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better or worse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require" general intelligence".60) On the whole, such a conclu-sion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.
第56题答案

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