公共英语四级
Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in roboticsthe science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close.
As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micromechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter ac-curacy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselvesgoals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error, says Dave La-very, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can´ t yet give a robot enough ´ common sense´ to reliably interact with a dynamic world. "
Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microproces-sors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.
What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain´ s roughly one hun-tired billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the, error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rap-idly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent, that is irrelevant, instantaneously fo- cusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspiciousface in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can´ t approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don´ t know quite how we do it.
Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in__________.
A．the use of machines to produce science fiction
B．the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry
C．the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work
D．the elite’s cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work
本文首先讲述了人们一直以来在制造越来越精巧的工具方面所作出的努力。这一努力的结果是各个领域的机械化。从世界上看来，智能机器已经广泛用于工厂、银行、地铁、医疗等行业。为了更多地节省劳力，科学家们预想让机器模拟人的行为，甚至人的思维。但这一预想在近些年是难以实现的。
答案及解析
【命题目的】此题考查考生对文首细节的捕捉。
【解题要点】解题的关键在于准确理解第一句话的含义，句中并没有强调the elite精英人才，只提到“people have devised cunning tools”，因此排除选项D精英人才机智地应付危险和枯燥的工作，而A、B两项都不符合题中initially最初、最早这一要求，故选C。
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A．programs
B．experts
C．devices
D．creatures
A．fulfill delicate tasks like perforrrtm'g brain surgery
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