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in the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence (AI) predicted that, by the end of this cen-tury, computers would beeonversing with usat work and robots would be performing our house-work. But as useful as computers are, they´re nowhere close to achieving anything remotely resem-bling these early aspirations for human like behavior. Never mind something as complex as conver-sation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object, the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-bid kid.
A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The prob-lem, the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought,like language and mathematics, andto duplicate them with logical, step-by-step pro-grams. A new movement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in which naturally came upwith intelligence., Many of these researchers study evolution and natural adaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digital comput-ers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of these early ef-forts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement is slowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.
Imitating the brain´s neural (神经病) network is a huge step in the right direction, says com-puter scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect of natural in-telligence. "People tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-coded transistors", he ex-plains, "but it´s not simply´a clever network of switches. There are lots of important things going on inside the brain cells themselves. ” ,Specifically, Conrad believes that many of the brain´s capa-bilities stem from the pattern recognition proficiency of the individual molecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build and artificially intelligent device, he claims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills.
Right now, the option that conventional computers and software are fundamentally incapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if it proves true,then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only game in town.
The author says that the powerful computers of today__________．