In the case of Caesar Borgia．the author holds that

A．Machiavelli has been objective．

B．Machiavelli revealed his personality．

C．Caesar Borgia was a deserved model．

D．Machiavelli overvalued Caesar Borgia．

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答案解析

该题为细节题。第一段第九句“When Machiavelli takes Caesar Borgia as a model，he does not praise him as a hero at all，but merely as a prince who Was capable of aUaining the end in view．”，由此可知，作者认为当马基雅维利以卡萨尔·博鲁吉亚为例时，并没有把他赞美成英雄，而是仅仅说他作为一个君主，能够达到自己想要的目的。说明作者认为马基雅维利的评论是中肯、客观的。故选A。

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1 According to the author，a politician’s morality

A．is no match for his political ambition．

B．has been undervalued by Machiavelli and his likes．

C．is usually of secondary importance．

D．should be taken as a yardstick of his capability

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2 The author’s opinion on Machiavelli’s History of Florence is that

A．history has much to do with the person who records it．

B．the charm lies in the style rather than in the content．

C．most people failed to read Machiavelli’s intention in it．

D．any history of this kind should be written in this way．

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3 根据下面资料，回答题
In the 16th and 17th centuries, two persons helped lay the foundation of modern education.
Comenius, a Czech humanist, greatly influenced both educational and psycho-educational thought.
He wrote texts that were based on a developmental theory and in them introduced the use of visual aids in instruction. Media and instructional research, a vital part of contemporary educational psy-chology, has its origins in the writing and textbook design of Comenius.61 ) He recommended that instruction start with the general and then move to the particular and that nothing in books be ac-cepted unless checked by a demonstration to the senses. He taught that understanding, not memory,is the goal of instruction; that we learn best that which we have an opportunity to teach; and that parents have a role to play in the schooling of their children.
The contributions of one of our many ancestors often are overlooked, yet Juan Luis Vives wrote very much as a contemporary educational psychologist might in the first part of the 16thcentu-ry.62 ) He stated to teachers and others with educational responsibilities, such as those in govern-ment and commerce, that there should be an orderly presentation of the facts to be learned, and in this way he anticipated Herbart and the 19th-century psychologists. He noted that what is to be learned must be practiced, and in this way he anticipated Thorndike´s Law of Exercise. He wrote on practical knowledge and the need to engage student interest, anticipating Dewey.63 ) He wrote a-bout individual differences and about the need to adjust instruction for all students, and anticipated the work of educational and school psychologists in the area of special education. He discussed the schools´s role in moral growth, anticipating the work of Dewey, Piaget, Kohlberg, and Gilligan.
He wrote about learning being dependent on self-activity, a precursor to contemporary research on meta-cognition, where the ways in which the self monitors its own activties are studied. Finally,64) Vives anticipated both the contemporary motivational theorists who avoid social comparisons and those researchers who find the harmful elements of norm-referenced testing to outweigh their advantages, by writing about the need for students to be evaluated on the basis of their own past
accomplishments and not in comparison with other students.65 )Thus, long before we claimed our professional identity, there were individuals thinking intelligently about what we would eventually call educational psychology, preparing the way for the scientific study of education.
第61题答案

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