英语六级
单选题根据下面资料，回答题
Daylight Saving Time (DST)
How and When Did Daylight Saving Time Start?
A.Benjamin Franklin--of "early to bed and early to rise" fame--was apparently the first person to suggest theconcept of daylight savings. While serving as U.S. ambassador to France in Pads, Franklin wrote of beingawakened at 6 a.m. and realizing, to his surprise, that the sun would rise far earlier than he usually did.Imagine the resources that might be saved if he and others rose before noon and burned less midnight oil,Franklin, tongue half in cheek, wrote to a newspaper.
B .It wasn't until World War I that daylight savings were realized on a grand scale. Germany was the first state to adopt the time changes, to reduce artificial lighting and thereby save coal for the war effort. Friends and foes soon followed suit. In the U.S. a federal law standardized the yearly start and end of daylight saving time in 1918—for the states that chose to observe it.
C.During World War II the U.S. made daylight saving time mandatory(强制的.for the whole country, as a way to save wartime resources. Between February 9,1942, and September 30,1945, the government took it a step further. During this period daylight saving time was observed year-round, essentially making it the new standard time, if only for a few years. Many years later, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 was enacted,mandating a controversial month-long extension of daylight saving time, starting in 2007.
Daylight Saving Time: Energy Saver or Just Time Sucker?
D.In recent years several studies have suggested that daylight saving time doesn't actually save energy—andmight even result in a net loss. Environmental economist Hendrik Wolff, of the University of Washington, co-authored a paper that studied Australian power-use data when parts of the country extended daylight savingtime for the 2000 Sydney Olympics and others did not. The researchers found that the practice reducedlighting and electricity consumption in the evening but increased energy use in the now dark mornings—wiping out the evening gains. That's because the extra hour that daylight saving time adds in the evening is ahotter hour. "So if people get home an hour earlier in a warmer house, they turn on their air conditioning," theUniversity of Washington's Wolff said.
E. But other studies do show energy gains. In an October 2008 daylight saving time report to Congress, mandated by the same 2005 energy act that extended daylight saving time, the U.S. Department of Energy asserted that springing forward does save energy. Extended daylight saving time saved 1.3 terawatt (太瓦.hours of electricity. That figure suggests that daylight saving time reduces annual U.S. electricity consumptionby 0.03 percent and overall energy consumption by 0.02 percent. While those percentages seem small, theycould represent significant savings because of the nation's enormous total energy use.
F. What's more, savings in some regions are apparently greater than in others. California, for instance, appears tobenefit most from daylight saving time--perhaps because its relatively mild weather encourages people to stayoutdoors later. The Energy Department report found that daylight saving time resulted in an energy savings ofone percent dally in the state.
G.But Wolff, one of many scholars who contributed to the federal report, suggested that the numbers weresubject to statistical variability (变化.and shouldn't be taken as hard facts. And daylight savings' energygains in the U.S. largely depend on your location in relation to the Mason-Dixon Line, Wolff said. "The Northmight be a slight winner, because the North doesn't have as much air conditioning," he said. "But the South is a definite loser in terms of energy consumption. The South has more energy consumption under daylightsaving."
Daylight Saving Time: Healthy or Harmful?
H.For decades advocates of daylight savings have argued that, energy savings or no, daylight saving time boostshealth by encouraging active lifestyles--a claim Wolff and colleagues are currently putting to the test. "In anationwide American time-use study, we're clearly seeing that, at the time of daylight saving time extension inthe spring, television watching is substantially reduced and outdoor behaviors like jogging, walking, or goingto the park are substantially increased," Wolff said. "That's remarkable, because of course the total amount ofdaylight in a given day is the same. "
I. But others warn of ill effects. Till Roenneberg, a university professor in Munich (慕尼黑), Germany, said hisstudies show that our circadian (生理节奏的)body clocks--set by light and darkness--never adjust togaining an "extra" hour of sunlight to the end of the day during daylight saving time.
J. One reason so many people in the developed world are chronically (长期地.overtired, he said, is that theysuffer from"social jet lag. " In other words, their optimal circadian sleep periods don't accord with their actualsleep schedules. Shifting daylight from morning to evening only increases this lag, he said. "Light doesn't dothe same things to the body in the morning and the evening. More light in the morning would advance thebody clock, and that would be good. But more light in the evening would even further delay the body clock. "
K.Other research hints at even more serious health risks. A 2008 study concluded that, at least in Sweden,heart attack risks go up in the days just after the spring time change. "The most likely explanation to ourfindings is disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms," One expert told National Geographic Newsvia email.
Daylight Savings' Lovers and Haters
L. With verdicts (定论.on the benefits, or costs, of daylight savings so split, it may be no surprise that theyearly time changes inspire polarized reactions. In the U.K., for instance, the Lighter Later movement—part of10:10, a group advocating cutting carbon emissions—argues for a sort of extreme daylight savings. First, theysay, move standard time forward an hour, then keep observing daylight saving time as usual—adding twohours of evening daylight to what we currently consider standard time. The folks behind Standardtime.com, onthe other hand, want to abolish daylight saving time altogether, calling energy-efficiency claims "unproven. "
M.National telephone surveys by Rasmussen Reports from spring 2010 and fall 2009 deliver the same answer.Most people just "don't think the time change is worth the hassle (麻烦的事). " Forty-seven percent agreedwith that statement, while only 40 percent disagreed. But Seize the Daylight author David Prerau said hisresearch on daylight saving time suggests most people are fond of it. "I think if you ask most people if they enjoy having an extra hour of daylight in the evening eight months a year, the response would be pretty positive."
Daylight savings' energy gains might be various due to different climates.
Daylight Saving Time (DST)
How and When Did Daylight Saving Time Start?
A.Benjamin Franklin--of "early to bed and early to rise" fame--was apparently the first person to suggest theconcept of daylight savings. While serving as U.S. ambassador to France in Pads, Franklin wrote of beingawakened at 6 a.m. and realizing, to his surprise, that the sun would rise far earlier than he usually did.Imagine the resources that might be saved if he and others rose before noon and burned less midnight oil,Franklin, tongue half in cheek, wrote to a newspaper.
B .It wasn't until World War I that daylight savings were realized on a grand scale. Germany was the first state to adopt the time changes, to reduce artificial lighting and thereby save coal for the war effort. Friends and foes soon followed suit. In the U.S. a federal law standardized the yearly start and end of daylight saving time in 1918—for the states that chose to observe it.
C.During World War II the U.S. made daylight saving time mandatory(强制的.for the whole country, as a way to save wartime resources. Between February 9,1942, and September 30,1945, the government took it a step further. During this period daylight saving time was observed year-round, essentially making it the new standard time, if only for a few years. Many years later, the Energy Policy Act of 2005 was enacted,mandating a controversial month-long extension of daylight saving time, starting in 2007.
Daylight Saving Time: Energy Saver or Just Time Sucker?
D.In recent years several studies have suggested that daylight saving time doesn't actually save energy—andmight even result in a net loss. Environmental economist Hendrik Wolff, of the University of Washington, co-authored a paper that studied Australian power-use data when parts of the country extended daylight savingtime for the 2000 Sydney Olympics and others did not. The researchers found that the practice reducedlighting and electricity consumption in the evening but increased energy use in the now dark mornings—wiping out the evening gains. That's because the extra hour that daylight saving time adds in the evening is ahotter hour. "So if people get home an hour earlier in a warmer house, they turn on their air conditioning," theUniversity of Washington's Wolff said.
E. But other studies do show energy gains. In an October 2008 daylight saving time report to Congress, mandated by the same 2005 energy act that extended daylight saving time, the U.S. Department of Energy asserted that springing forward does save energy. Extended daylight saving time saved 1.3 terawatt (太瓦.hours of electricity. That figure suggests that daylight saving time reduces annual U.S. electricity consumptionby 0.03 percent and overall energy consumption by 0.02 percent. While those percentages seem small, theycould represent significant savings because of the nation's enormous total energy use.
F. What's more, savings in some regions are apparently greater than in others. California, for instance, appears tobenefit most from daylight saving time--perhaps because its relatively mild weather encourages people to stayoutdoors later. The Energy Department report found that daylight saving time resulted in an energy savings ofone percent dally in the state.
G.But Wolff, one of many scholars who contributed to the federal report, suggested that the numbers weresubject to statistical variability (变化.and shouldn't be taken as hard facts. And daylight savings' energygains in the U.S. largely depend on your location in relation to the Mason-Dixon Line, Wolff said. "The Northmight be a slight winner, because the North doesn't have as much air conditioning," he said. "But the South is a definite loser in terms of energy consumption. The South has more energy consumption under daylightsaving."
Daylight Saving Time: Healthy or Harmful?
H.For decades advocates of daylight savings have argued that, energy savings or no, daylight saving time boostshealth by encouraging active lifestyles--a claim Wolff and colleagues are currently putting to the test. "In anationwide American time-use study, we're clearly seeing that, at the time of daylight saving time extension inthe spring, television watching is substantially reduced and outdoor behaviors like jogging, walking, or goingto the park are substantially increased," Wolff said. "That's remarkable, because of course the total amount ofdaylight in a given day is the same. "
I. But others warn of ill effects. Till Roenneberg, a university professor in Munich (慕尼黑), Germany, said hisstudies show that our circadian (生理节奏的)body clocks--set by light and darkness--never adjust togaining an "extra" hour of sunlight to the end of the day during daylight saving time.
J. One reason so many people in the developed world are chronically (长期地.overtired, he said, is that theysuffer from"social jet lag. " In other words, their optimal circadian sleep periods don't accord with their actualsleep schedules. Shifting daylight from morning to evening only increases this lag, he said. "Light doesn't dothe same things to the body in the morning and the evening. More light in the morning would advance thebody clock, and that would be good. But more light in the evening would even further delay the body clock. "
K.Other research hints at even more serious health risks. A 2008 study concluded that, at least in Sweden,heart attack risks go up in the days just after the spring time change. "The most likely explanation to ourfindings is disturbed sleep and disruption of biological rhythms," One expert told National Geographic Newsvia email.
Daylight Savings' Lovers and Haters
L. With verdicts (定论.on the benefits, or costs, of daylight savings so split, it may be no surprise that theyearly time changes inspire polarized reactions. In the U.K., for instance, the Lighter Later movement—part of10:10, a group advocating cutting carbon emissions—argues for a sort of extreme daylight savings. First, theysay, move standard time forward an hour, then keep observing daylight saving time as usual—adding twohours of evening daylight to what we currently consider standard time. The folks behind Standardtime.com, onthe other hand, want to abolish daylight saving time altogether, calling energy-efficiency claims "unproven. "
M.National telephone surveys by Rasmussen Reports from spring 2010 and fall 2009 deliver the same answer.Most people just "don't think the time change is worth the hassle (麻烦的事). " Forty-seven percent agreedwith that statement, while only 40 percent disagreed. But Seize the Daylight author David Prerau said hisresearch on daylight saving time suggests most people are fond of it. "I think if you ask most people if they enjoy having an extra hour of daylight in the evening eight months a year, the response would be pretty positive."
Daylight savings' energy gains might be various due to different climates.
参考答案：F进入在线模考
【参考译文】
夏令时
夏令时是如何开始的?何时开始的?
A)享有“早睡早起”声誉的本杰明·富兰克林显然是提出夏令时这一理念的第一人。当富兰克林在巴黎担任美国驻法大使时写道，早上6点起床时他惊奇地发现，太阳升起得比平时早了很多。他由此设想，如果自己和别人都少挑灯熬夜并在中午之前起床，那么就有可能节约资源。于是，他就以半开玩笑的口吻给一家报社写了信。
B)直到第一次世界大战夏令时才获得广泛认可。[39]德国是第一个采纳变化时间以减少人工照明从而为战事节约煤炭资源这一做法的国家。很快，不论敌国还是友邦都纷纷效仿。1918年，美国的一部联邦法律为那些选择遵守夏令时的州制定标准，规定了每年夏令时的起止日期。
c)二战期间，美国在全国强制执行夏令时，以此来节约战时的资源。在1942年2月9日至l945年9月30日期间，政府进一步推行夏令时。在这期间，全年都要遵守夏令时，这几年基本上都把它作为新的标准时间。多年以后，《能源政策法案》于2005年颁布，强制规定从2007年起将夏令时延长一个月。这个规定曾颇有争议。
夏令时：节能还是耗时?
D)近年来，有几项研究表明，夏令时并不能真正节约能源——甚至可能导致净亏损。华盛顿大学的环境经济学家亨德里克·沃尔夫与别人合著的一篇论文研究了澳大利亚的电能使用数据。当时，该国一部分地区为2000年的悉尼奥运会延长了夏令时而其他地区没有。[38]研究人员发现这种做法降低了夜间的照明及电量消耗，但是却增加了晨间的用电量，因为现在早晨很昏暗二—这就抵消了夜间节约的能源。这是因为夏令时在夜间所增加的一个小时正是很热的时候。“所以，如果人们提前一小时回家，回到比以往更热的房子里，他们就会打开空调。”华盛顿大学的沃尔夫如是说。
E)但是，其他研究确实发现夏令时可以带来节能收益。美国能源部在2008年lo月份给国会的夏令时报告中称，把时间往前调确实能节约能源。这份报告同样是由2005年延长夏令时的能源法案所授权发布的。延长夏令时节约了l．3太瓦时的电量。[42]这个数字意味着，夏令时使美国年耗电量降低了o．o3％，也使整体能耗减少了o．o2％。尽管这些百分比看起来很小，但是，由于国家总能耗量很庞大，它们所代表的节能量还是很大的。
F)[36]此外，一些地区的节能量明显比其他地区要大。例如，加利福尼亚州似乎是从夏令时中获益最大的——可能是因为那里的气候相对温和，鼓励人们在户外待到更晚。能源部的报告发现，夏令时使这个州每日能耗量节约了l％。
G)但是作为为联邦报告撰稿的诸多学者之一，沃尔夫却表示，这些数字可能会受统计变动的影响，不应将其视为铁的事实。[45]沃尔夫表示，夏令时给美国带来的能源收益主要取决于某个地区与梅森一狄克森线的相对位置。他说：“北方在节能上可能略有优势，因为北方没有那么多空调。但是，南方在能耗上却是绝对的失利方。实行夏令时，南方会消耗更多能源。”
夏令时：健康的还是有害的?
H)[43]几十年来，夏令时的倡导者一直宣称，不管夏令时能否节约能源，它都有利于健康，因为它倡导的是积极的生活方式——目前沃尔夫及其同事正在验证这种说法。“在对全美国时间使用的研究中，我们可以很清楚地看到，在春季夏令时延长时期，看电视大幅减少，而像慢跑、散步、逛公园这类的户外活动却大幅增多了。”沃尔夫说道，“这是很好的现象，当然这是因为某一特定日期的白昼长度是一样的。”
I)[40]但是其他人却警告人们夏令时所带来的负面影响。德国慕尼黑一所大学的教授蒂尔。伦内伯格说，他的研究显示，我们的生物钟是根据白天和黑夜确定的，永远都适应不了夏令时期间白天快结束时所多出的那“额外”一小时的日光。
J)[41]他说，发达国家中的很多人长期感觉过度劳累，原因之一就是，他们遭受“社会时差”的折磨。换句话说，他们的最佳生理节奏睡眠期与他们实际的睡眠时间不一致。他还说，把日光从早晨转移到晚上只会加重这种时差。“光线对人体的作用在早上和晚上是不一样的。早上的光线更多会促进生物钟，这是有益的。但是，晚上的光线更多则会进一步推迟生物钟。”
K)其他研究暗示甚至还有更严重的健康危害。[37]2008年的一项研究总结道，至少在瑞典，在春季时间变化后不久，心脏病发病率就上升了。一位专家发电子邮件告诉《国家地理新闻》说：“根据我们的调查结果，最可能的解释是睡眠障碍及生物节奏紊乱。”
对夏令时是爱还是恨?
L)对夏令时所能带来的益处或造成的损失，大家意见不一。因此每年的时间变化都会引起两极分化的回应也就不足为奇了。例如，[44]在英国，“晚亮灯运动”——作为l0：lO(倡导降低碳排放量的一个组织)开展的运动的一部分——提倡一种极端的日光节约时制。他们说，首先要把标准时间提前一个小时，然后同以往一样遵守夏令时——这会给我们目前所认为的标准时间增加两个小时的夜间时间。另一方面，“标准时间”网的支持者则想完全废除夏令时。他们称那些节能的说法都是“未经证实的”。
M)拉斯姆森报告所做的从2010年春季和2009年秋季开始的全国电话调查也传达了同样的信息。大多数人只是“认为时间变化不值得人们如此烦恼”。47％的人赞同这一说法，而只有40％的人不赞同。然而，《一寸光阴一寸金》的作者戴维·普雷劳说，他对夏令时的研究表明，多数人是喜爱夏令时制的。“我想。如果你问多数人他们是否喜欢一年八个月中每天晚上多一个小时的日照时间，他们的回答将是十分肯定的。”
【答案解析】
解析：题干意为，夏令时带来的能源收益可能会因为不同的气候而有差异。注意抓住题干中的关键词daylight savings，energy gains，various和different climates。文章段落中，提到能源节约量与天气有关的内容在F段出现，该段前两句提到，一些地区的节能量明显比其他地区要大。例如，加利福尼亚州似乎是从夏令时中获益最大的 ——可能是因为那里的气候相对温和，鼓励人们在户外待到更晚。由此可知，题干对原文进行了概括和同义改写，故答案为F。
夏令时
夏令时是如何开始的?何时开始的?
A)享有“早睡早起”声誉的本杰明·富兰克林显然是提出夏令时这一理念的第一人。当富兰克林在巴黎担任美国驻法大使时写道，早上6点起床时他惊奇地发现，太阳升起得比平时早了很多。他由此设想，如果自己和别人都少挑灯熬夜并在中午之前起床，那么就有可能节约资源。于是，他就以半开玩笑的口吻给一家报社写了信。
B)直到第一次世界大战夏令时才获得广泛认可。[39]德国是第一个采纳变化时间以减少人工照明从而为战事节约煤炭资源这一做法的国家。很快，不论敌国还是友邦都纷纷效仿。1918年，美国的一部联邦法律为那些选择遵守夏令时的州制定标准，规定了每年夏令时的起止日期。
c)二战期间，美国在全国强制执行夏令时，以此来节约战时的资源。在1942年2月9日至l945年9月30日期间，政府进一步推行夏令时。在这期间，全年都要遵守夏令时，这几年基本上都把它作为新的标准时间。多年以后，《能源政策法案》于2005年颁布，强制规定从2007年起将夏令时延长一个月。这个规定曾颇有争议。
夏令时：节能还是耗时?
D)近年来，有几项研究表明，夏令时并不能真正节约能源——甚至可能导致净亏损。华盛顿大学的环境经济学家亨德里克·沃尔夫与别人合著的一篇论文研究了澳大利亚的电能使用数据。当时，该国一部分地区为2000年的悉尼奥运会延长了夏令时而其他地区没有。[38]研究人员发现这种做法降低了夜间的照明及电量消耗，但是却增加了晨间的用电量，因为现在早晨很昏暗二—这就抵消了夜间节约的能源。这是因为夏令时在夜间所增加的一个小时正是很热的时候。“所以，如果人们提前一小时回家，回到比以往更热的房子里，他们就会打开空调。”华盛顿大学的沃尔夫如是说。
E)但是，其他研究确实发现夏令时可以带来节能收益。美国能源部在2008年lo月份给国会的夏令时报告中称，把时间往前调确实能节约能源。这份报告同样是由2005年延长夏令时的能源法案所授权发布的。延长夏令时节约了l．3太瓦时的电量。[42]这个数字意味着，夏令时使美国年耗电量降低了o．o3％，也使整体能耗减少了o．o2％。尽管这些百分比看起来很小，但是，由于国家总能耗量很庞大，它们所代表的节能量还是很大的。
F)[36]此外，一些地区的节能量明显比其他地区要大。例如，加利福尼亚州似乎是从夏令时中获益最大的——可能是因为那里的气候相对温和，鼓励人们在户外待到更晚。能源部的报告发现，夏令时使这个州每日能耗量节约了l％。
G)但是作为为联邦报告撰稿的诸多学者之一，沃尔夫却表示，这些数字可能会受统计变动的影响，不应将其视为铁的事实。[45]沃尔夫表示，夏令时给美国带来的能源收益主要取决于某个地区与梅森一狄克森线的相对位置。他说：“北方在节能上可能略有优势，因为北方没有那么多空调。但是，南方在能耗上却是绝对的失利方。实行夏令时，南方会消耗更多能源。”
夏令时：健康的还是有害的?
H)[43]几十年来，夏令时的倡导者一直宣称，不管夏令时能否节约能源，它都有利于健康，因为它倡导的是积极的生活方式——目前沃尔夫及其同事正在验证这种说法。“在对全美国时间使用的研究中，我们可以很清楚地看到，在春季夏令时延长时期，看电视大幅减少，而像慢跑、散步、逛公园这类的户外活动却大幅增多了。”沃尔夫说道，“这是很好的现象，当然这是因为某一特定日期的白昼长度是一样的。”
I)[40]但是其他人却警告人们夏令时所带来的负面影响。德国慕尼黑一所大学的教授蒂尔。伦内伯格说，他的研究显示，我们的生物钟是根据白天和黑夜确定的，永远都适应不了夏令时期间白天快结束时所多出的那“额外”一小时的日光。
J)[41]他说，发达国家中的很多人长期感觉过度劳累，原因之一就是，他们遭受“社会时差”的折磨。换句话说，他们的最佳生理节奏睡眠期与他们实际的睡眠时间不一致。他还说，把日光从早晨转移到晚上只会加重这种时差。“光线对人体的作用在早上和晚上是不一样的。早上的光线更多会促进生物钟，这是有益的。但是，晚上的光线更多则会进一步推迟生物钟。”
K)其他研究暗示甚至还有更严重的健康危害。[37]2008年的一项研究总结道，至少在瑞典，在春季时间变化后不久，心脏病发病率就上升了。一位专家发电子邮件告诉《国家地理新闻》说：“根据我们的调查结果，最可能的解释是睡眠障碍及生物节奏紊乱。”
对夏令时是爱还是恨?
L)对夏令时所能带来的益处或造成的损失，大家意见不一。因此每年的时间变化都会引起两极分化的回应也就不足为奇了。例如，[44]在英国，“晚亮灯运动”——作为l0：lO(倡导降低碳排放量的一个组织)开展的运动的一部分——提倡一种极端的日光节约时制。他们说，首先要把标准时间提前一个小时，然后同以往一样遵守夏令时——这会给我们目前所认为的标准时间增加两个小时的夜间时间。另一方面，“标准时间”网的支持者则想完全废除夏令时。他们称那些节能的说法都是“未经证实的”。
M)拉斯姆森报告所做的从2010年春季和2009年秋季开始的全国电话调查也传达了同样的信息。大多数人只是“认为时间变化不值得人们如此烦恼”。47％的人赞同这一说法，而只有40％的人不赞同。然而，《一寸光阴一寸金》的作者戴维·普雷劳说，他对夏令时的研究表明，多数人是喜爱夏令时制的。“我想。如果你问多数人他们是否喜欢一年八个月中每天晚上多一个小时的日照时间，他们的回答将是十分肯定的。”
【答案解析】
解析：题干意为，夏令时带来的能源收益可能会因为不同的气候而有差异。注意抓住题干中的关键词daylight savings，energy gains，various和different climates。文章段落中，提到能源节约量与天气有关的内容在F段出现，该段前两句提到，一些地区的节能量明显比其他地区要大。例如，加利福尼亚州似乎是从夏令时中获益最大的 ——可能是因为那里的气候相对温和，鼓励人们在户外待到更晚。由此可知，题干对原文进行了概括和同义改写，故答案为F。
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