根据以下材料，回答题
[A] Some archaeological sites have always
been easily observable—for example, the Parthenon in Athens, Greece, the pyramids of Giza
in Egypt; and the megaliths of Stonehenge in southern England. But these sites
are exceptions to the norm. Most archaeological sites have been located by
means of careful searching, while many others have been discovered by accident.
Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly
hunter who literally fell into its deep valley in 1911. Thousands of Aztec
artifacts came to light during the digging of the Mexico City subway in the
1970s.
[B]In another case, American archaeologists
Rene Million and George Cowgill spent years systematically mapping the entire
city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico near what is now Mexico City. At
its peak around AD 600, this city was one of the largest human settlements in
the world. The researchers mapped not only the city’s vast and ornate
ceremonial areas, but also hundreds of simpler apartment complexes where common
people lived.
[C] How do archaeologists know where to
find what they are looking for when there is nothing visible on the surface of
the ground? Typically, they survey and sample (make test excavations on) large
areas of terrain to determine where excavation will yield useful information.
Surveys and test samples have also become important for understanding the
larger landscapes that contain archaeological sites.
[D] Surveys can cover a single large
settlement or entire landscapes. In one case, many researchers working around
the ancient Maya city of Copan, Honduras, have located hundreds of small rural
villages and individual dwellings by using aerial photographs and by making
surveys on foot. The resulting settlement maps show how the distribution and
density of the rural population around the city changed dramatically between AD
500 and 850, when Copan collapsed.
[E] To find their sites, archaeologists
today rely heavily on systematic survey methods and a variety of
high-technology tools and techniques. Airborne technologies, such as different
types of radar and photographic equipment carried by airplanes or spacecraft, allow
archaeologists to learn about what lies beneath the ground without digging. Aerial
surveys locate general areas of interest or larger buried features, such as
ancient buildings or fields.
[F] Most archaeological sites, however, are
discovered by archaeologists who have set out to look for them. Such searches
can take years. British archaeologist Howard Carter knew that the tomb of the
Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun existed from information found in other sites.
Carter sifted through rubble in the Valley of the Kings for seven years before he
located the tomb in 1922. In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur
Evan combed antique dealers’ stores in Athens, Greece. He was searching for
tiny engraved seals attributed to the ancient Mycenaean culture that dominated
Greece from the 1400s to 1200s BC. Evans’s interpretations of these engravings
eventually led him to find the Minoan palace at Knossos (Knossós) on the island of Crete, in 1900.
[G] Ground surveys allow archaeologists to
pinpoint the places where digs will be successful. Most ground surveys involve
a lot of walking, looking for surface clues such as small fragments of pottery.
They often include a certain amount of digging to test for buried materials at
selected points across a landscape. Archaeologists also may locate buried
remains by using such technologies as ground radar, magnetic-field recording,
and metal detectors. Archaeologists commonly use computers to map sites and the
landscapes around sites. Two and three-dimensional maps are helpful tools in
planning excavations, illustrating how sites look, and presenting the results
of archaeological research.
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