　　The World Health Organization （WHO） says its ten-year campaign to re-考呗网

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简答题　　The World Health Organization （WHO） says its ten-year campaign to remove leprosy （麻风病） as a world health problem has been successful． Doctor Brundtland， head of the WHO， says a number of leprosy cases around the world has （S1） been cut of ninety percent during the past ten years． She says （S2） efforts are continuing to complete end the disease．（S3）
　　Leprosy is caused by bacteria spread through liquid from the nose and mouth． The disease mainly effects the skin and （S4） nerves． However， if leprosy is not treated it can cause permanent damage for the skin， nerves， eyes， arms or legs．（S5）
　　In 1999， an international campaign began to end leprosy． The WHO， governments of countries most affected by the disease， and several other groups are part of the campaign． This alliance guarantees that all leprosy patients， even they （S6） are poor， have a right to the most modern treatment．
　　Doctor Brundtland says leprosy is no longer a disease that requires life-long treatments by medical experts． Instead， patients can take that is called a multi-drug therapy． This （S7） modern treatment will cure leprosy in 6 to 12 months， depend on the form of the disease． The treatment combines （S8） several drugs taken daily or once a month． The WHO has given multi-drug therapy to patients freely for the last five （S9） years． The members of the alliance against leprosy plan to target the countries which still threatened by leprosy． Among （S10） the estimated 600，000 victims around the world， the WHO believes about 70% are in India． The disease also remains a problem in Africa and South America．

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S1．a → the
S2．of → by
S3．complete → completely
S4．effects → affects
S5．for → to
S6．even → even if/even though
S7．that → what
S8．depend → depending
S9．freely → free
S10．which → which are

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1Questions are based on the following passage．
　　Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn’t harm rainforest． On the contrary，it helps farmers and improves forest soils． This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon，dating back more than 1,000 years，helped create patches of rich，fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today．
　　Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor． This means topsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming．
　　But Bruno Glaser，a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth，has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon． These soils contain lots of organic matter．
　　Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from “black carbon”—the organic particles from camp fires and charred （烧成炭的）wood left over from thousands of years of slash-and-burn farming． “The soils，known as Terra Preta，contained up to 70times more black carbon than the surrounding soil，“says Glaser．
　　Unburnt vegetation rots quickly，but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries． Radiocarbon dating shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more than 1,000 years old．
　　“Slash-and-burn farming can be good for soils provided it doesn’t completely burn all the vegetation，and leaves behind charred wood,”says Glaser． “It can be better than manure （粪肥）．”Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years． And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing． Contrary to the conventional view that human activities damage the environment，Glaser says： “Black carbon combined with human wastes is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils．”
　　Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon，where they are highly prized by farmers． All the patches fall within 500 square kilometers in the central Amazon． Glaser says the widespread presence of pottery （陶器）confirms the soil’s human origins．
　　The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin”forest．
　　During the past decade，researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in the jungle． They are up to 20 meters high and cover up to a square kilometer． Glaser claims that these earth works，built between AD 400 and 1400，were at the heart of urban civilizations． Now it seems the richness of the Terra Preta soils may explain how such civilizations managed to feed themselves．
We learn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that （　　）．
A．it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainfor

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2Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because （　　）．

A．the composition of the topsoil is rather unstable
B．black carbon is washed away by heavy rains
C．organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rain
D．long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth

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3Glaser made his discovery by （　　）．

A．studying patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon
B．examining pottery left over by ancient civilizations
C．test-burning patches of trees in the central Amazon
D．radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils

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