英语六级
In 1854 my great-grandfather, Morris Marable, was sold on an auction block in Georgia for $500For his white slave master, the sale was just “business as usual” But to Morris Marable and his heirs, slavery was a crime against our humanityThis pattern of human rights violations against enslaved African-Americans continued under racial segregation for nearly another century
The fundamental problem of American democracy in the 21st century is the problem of “structural racism” the deep patterns of socio-economic inequality and accumulated disadvantage that are coded by race, and constantly justified in public speeches by both racist stereotypes and white indifferenceDo Americans have the capacity and vision to remove these structural barriers that deny democratic rights and opportunities to millions of their fellow citizens?
This country has previously witnessed two great struggles to achieve a truly multicultural democracy
The First Reconstruction （1865-1877） ended slavery and briefly gave black men voting rights, but gave no meaningful compensation for two centuries of unpaid laborThe promise of “40 acres and a mule （骡子）”was for most blacks a dream deferred （尚未实现的）
The Second Reconstruction （1954-1968）, or the modern civil rights movement, ended legal segregation in public accommodations and gave blacks voting rightsBut these successes paradoxically obscure the tremendous human costs of historically accumulated disadvantage that remain central to black Americans’ lives
The disproportionate wealth that most whites enjoy today was first constructed from centuries of unpaid black laborMany white institutions, including some leading universities, insurance companies and banks, profited from slaveryThis pattern of white privilege and black inequality continues today
Demanding reparations （赔偿） is not just about compensation for slavery and segregationIt is, more important, an educational campaign to highlight the contemporary reality of “racial deficits” of all kinds, the unequal conditions that impact blacks regardless of classStructural racism’s barriers include “equity inequity” the absence of black capital formation that is a direct consequence of America’s historyOne third of all black households actually have negative net wealthIn 1998 the typical black family’s net wealth was $16,400, less than one fifth that of white familiesBlack families are denied home loans at twice the rate of whites
Blacks remain the last hired and first fired during recessionsDuring the 1990-91 recession, African-Americans suffered disproportionatelyAt Coca-Cola, 42 percent of employees who lost their jobs were blacksAt Sears, 54 percent were black, Blacks have significantly shorter life spans, in part due to racism in the health establishmentBlacks are statistically less likely than whites to be referred for kidney transplants or early-stage cancer surgery
To the author, the
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A．widespread use of racist stereotypes
B．prejudice against minority groups
C．deep-rooted socio-economic inequality
D．denial of legal rights to ordinary blacks
A．Differences between races are deliberately obscured
B．The blacks are not compensated for their unpaid labor
C．There is no guarantee for blacks to exercise their rights
D．The interests of blacks are not protected by law
A．has resulted from business successes over the years
B．has been accompanied by black capital formation
C．has derived from sizable investments in education
D．has been accumulated from generations of slavery
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